As the 2025 Bundestag elections approach, political parties are actively campaigning to attract voters. However, as the election date nears, many potential voters may have already made their decisions, largely due to the convenience of mail-in voting. In the 2021 elections, nearly half of all voters opted to cast their ballots from the comfort of their homes.

Key Questions Addressed

• How do I apply for mail-in voting?
• What is the deadline for sending in my ballot?
• How has the percentage of mail-in voters changed over time?
• Are there any legal concerns regarding a high rate of mail-in voting?
• How does mail-in voting impact political campaigns?

How to Apply for Mail-In Voting

Eligible voters can request mail-in ballots after receiving their election notification. In some municipalities, this process can be completed online. Election notifications are mailed by local authorities to all individuals listed in the voter registry. Those who are registered with their primary residence in the respective municipality at least 42 days before the election will be automatically included. If a voter is not listed, they must apply by 21 days prior to the election.

Ballots will be mailed out starting from January 30, with the mail-in voting period beginning between February 6 and February 10.

Deadline for Submitting Mail-In Ballots

All completed mail-in ballots must reach the relevant election office by 6:00 PM on February 23. The German postal service assures timely delivery if ballots are mailed by February 20, before the last collection. Alternatively, voters can submit their completed ballots directly to the election office.

Trends in Mail-In Voting

Since 1990, the proportion of mail-in voters has consistently risen. A significant factor in this increase was the reform enacted in 2008, which eliminated the requirement for voters to provide a valid reason to vote by mail. In 2017, the mail-in voting rate was recorded at 28.6%, but it spiked to 47.3% in 2021, largely due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which prompted many voters to avoid polling stations. However, experts suggest that the mail-in voting rate may decrease again in light of the shortened deadlines observed in recent state elections.

Legal Considerations Surrounding High Mail-In Voting Rates

The Federal Constitutional Court of Germany has ruled mail-in voting as constitutional. Nevertheless, it has raised concerns that mail-in voting may compromise the principles of freedom, secrecy, and transparency in elections. In private settings, there is a risk that voters could face pressure or influence regarding their voting choices. There have also been isolated instances of electoral fraud, such as the case reported during the Saxony state election in 2024, where an individual was accused of manipulating 151 mail-in ballots in favor of a specific political party.

Impact of Mail-In Voting on Political Campaigns

In the weeks leading up to an election, political parties often focus on persuading undecided voters. If a significant number of ballots are cast prior to election day, it becomes increasingly challenging for parties to sway voter decisions at the last minute. This high rate of mail-in voting complicates any late-stage campaign adjustments.

Conclusion

As the 2025 Bundestag elections draw closer, understanding the mail-in voting process is crucial for voters. With deadlines approaching and the potential for significant changes in voter behavior, both voters and political parties must navigate the complexities of this electoral method.