The German government has introduced a new framework for military service, set to take effect from January 1, 2026. This initiative aims to modernize the process of recruitment and assessment for the Bundeswehr, addressing recent security concerns and ensuring preparedness for potential defense scenarios.

Key Features of the New Military Service Law

Under the revised system, all German citizens--men and women--turning 18 from 2026 onwards will receive official correspondence from the Bundeswehr. While men are required to complete a questionnaire providing information on their interest in military service, physical characteristics, health status, and educational background, women may participate voluntarily. Failure to submit or incorrectly filling out the questionnaire can result in financial penalties, though specific amounts have not been disclosed.

Candidates who express interest in voluntary service will be invited to undergo physical, psychological, and character assessments to determine their suitability for service. Starting July 2027, all men within the eligible age range will be subject to mandatory evaluation, regardless of their initial response.

Distinction from Previous Conscription Laws

This reform focuses initially on identifying individuals who are both qualified and motivated for military service, with an emphasis on voluntary participation. However, provisions remain for the reinstatement of compulsory conscription for men if voluntary enlistment falls short of national defense requirements. The general conscription law, suspended in 2011, still exists in the constitution and can be reactivated with parliamentary approval during heightened security needs.

Rationale for Modernization

The updated policy comes as a response to heightened security risks following international conflicts, notably the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Policymakers agree that a stronger Bundeswehr is vital for national defense. The government aims to increase the number of professional and temporary soldiers to 260,000 by 2035 and expand the reserve force to 200,000. Initially, participation will be voluntary, due to limited infrastructure and training capacity, with measures being taken to make service more appealing to young adults.

Implementation of Assessments

The assessment process will phase in from 2026, as the Bundeswehr currently lacks the facilities and personnel to process all eligible individuals at once. It plans to establish over 20 assessment centers, primarily in urban areas, to accommodate the estimated 300,000 men per age group. The abolition of military replacement offices since 2011 necessitates this new approach.

Contingency Plans and Volunteer Shortages

Should voluntary enlistment prove insufficient, the Bundestag may enforce a needs-based conscription using a random selection process. This measure would be enacted only if defense requirements are not met through voluntary service or if the security situation deteriorates significantly. Government officials remain optimistic about attracting enough volunteers through the improved system.

Gender and Service Eligibility

Currently, compulsory service applies only to men, as outlined in the constitution. Extending this obligation to women would require constitutional amendments, which demand a two-thirds majority in both the Bundestag and Bundesrat. In defense situations, women may be assigned to civilian medical roles but not armed combat.

Implications for Transgender Individuals

Transgender individuals registered as male are required to complete the questionnaire and participate in the assessment process. Those of other genders may do so voluntarily.

Medical and Substance Considerations

Arriving at assessments under the influence of alcohol or drugs will result in rescheduling, as substance use does not exempt individuals from evaluation or service.

Conscientious Objection and Exemptions

German law protects the right to refuse armed service on grounds of conscience. If conscription is reinstated, objectors must apply through official channels and may be assigned to alternative civilian service roles. Exemptions are also granted for individuals with significant physical or psychological conditions.

Service Duration, Location, and Compensation

The minimum term for basic military service is six months, with opportunities for extension up to 23 months or longer for those wishing to pursue a military career. Assignments may require relocation, depending on the needs of the Bundeswehr and the individual's area of service interest. Remuneration for new recruits is set at approximately EUR2,600 gross per month, with additional benefits such as subsidized driver's license costs and pension contributions during service.

Additional Provisions

Individuals born between 1993 and 2007 are not subject to the new regulations unless the conscription law is fully reinstated. Students and apprentices can choose to serve after completing their education, and mandatory assessments are designed to minimally disrupt existing career or study plans. In declared defense emergencies, the government may require all men aged 18 to 60 to serve, and women to participate in civilian capacities.

International Deployments

Those serving in the Bundeswehr may be assigned to missions within Germany as permitted by law. Participation in overseas deployments, such as those under NATO or EU mandates, requires specific contractual agreement and parliamentary approval for each operation.