New Study Explores Challenges of Installing EV Charging Stations in Apartment Buildings

The future of electric mobility in Germany is closely linked to the availability of charging infrastructure in multi-unit residential buildings. As most electric vehicles (EVs) are currently charged at home, predominantly in single-family residences, there remains significant untapped potential within apartment complexes, where the installation of private charging points is notably more complex.

According to research conducted by the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI), commissioned by the Federal Ministry of Research, the widespread adoption of EVs depends on simplifying access to private charging facilities in multi-family dwellings. Although legal requirements for installing EV charging points have been eased, with building permits for such installations no longer required nationwide from 2026, practical barriers persist.

Both homeowners and tenants now hold the right to request reasonable modifications to enable charging infrastructure in their parking spaces. However, individuals are generally responsible for covering the associated costs, including potential removal expenses for rented units. This financial responsibility can deter tenants and property owners from pursuing installation, especially as the economic viability of such investments is still uncertain for many housing companies.

The study highlights concerns among municipal housing providers and cooperatives, which collectively manage thousands of residential units. One of their main reservations relates to the unpredictable future demand for charging stations. The economic justification for building charging networks in these settings remains weak due to this uncertainty. Furthermore, in urban environments, the limited number of parking spaces can create challenges and potential disputes when spaces are designated exclusively for electric vehicles.

Despite these challenges, the availability of charging infrastructure can be an attractive feature for tenants, particularly in areas where housing supply exceeds demand. The research included a survey of over 1,400 residents of multi-unit buildings who own a car and often have a designated parking spot. The findings revealed that private wall-mounted charging units are the preferred solution, especially among homeowners. Many respondents indicated their willingness to walk over 100 meters, and some even up to 250 meters, to access a charging point, underlining the importance of convenient charging options close to home.

Cost is another significant factor influencing EV adoption. The survey found that conventional vehicle owners spend an average of EUR11.64 per 100 kilometers on fuel, while EV drivers incur lower expenses, averaging EUR7.26 for the same distance. However, when considering hypothetical ownership, respondents' willingness to pay for EV charging dropped to EUR6.84 per 100 kilometers, aligning closely with average household electricity rates in Germany.

The study also notes that while its participant group was broadly representative of the German population in terms of gender, age, income, and regional distribution, tenants were underrepresented. The authors recommend comprehensive support measures to accelerate the deployment of charging infrastructure in apartment buildings, including targeted subsidies and further simplification of regulatory processes.

Project leaders emphasize that there is no universal solution suitable for every multi-unit residential building. A mix of strategies, tailored to local circumstances and resident preferences, is essential for the effective expansion of private charging options. As Germany moves forward with its transition to electric mobility, addressing these infrastructural and economic challenges will be crucial for enabling more residents of apartment buildings to participate in the shift towards sustainable transportation.