California is poised to witness a significant rise in valley fever cases for the second consecutive year, as public health officials attribute this trend to increasingly prolonged and arid summers. According to the California Department of Public Health, over 4,000 instances of valley fever have been documented statewide from January through April, marking a stark increase of more than 3,000 cases compared to the same timeframe in 2024, and 2,000 more than in 2023.

Last year, the state recorded an unprecedented high of 12,605 cases, while 2023 saw over 9,000 cases. Valley fever, medically known as coccidioidomycosis, is a lung infection that occurs when individuals inhale spores from the fungus coccidioides, which thrives in dry soil. These spores are often released into the atmosphere when the soil is disturbed by wind, construction activities, or other forms of disruption. The fungus is prevalent in the Pacific Northwest and Southwestern United States, as well as in various regions of Mexico, Central America, and South America.

The disease made headlines last year when the Lightning in a Bottle music festival in Kern County became a hotspot, with 19 attendees reporting valley fever, some of whom experienced severe symptoms akin to pneumonia, including rashes, headaches, and fatigue.

Typically, cases of valley fever rise in late summer and decline during winter months. However, state health officials have observed that the transmission period is beginning earlier and extending longer than in previous years. Researchers from UC Berkeley indicate that climate change is likely contributing to drier conditions in spring and fall, coupled with heavier rainfall in winter, which may prolong exposure to valley fever.

Symptoms of valley fever can often be mistaken for other illnesses, making accurate diagnosis challenging. As of now, the number of reported cases for this year suggests a potential record-breaking trend, although officials caution that it is still early in the year to draw definitive conclusions.

Preventative Measures Against Valley Fever

In light of the rising cases, public health officials in Fresno County, which includes areas along the John Muir Trail, have issued precautionary guidelines for locals, hikers, and tourists:

• Utilize well-maintained trails and avoid activities that may stir up dust, such as digging or biking off the designated paths.
• Consider wearing a properly fitted N95 mask when outdoors in dusty or dry conditions.
• Avoid hiking during windy weather or immediately after any disturbances that could increase airborne dust.
• Thoroughly clean any skin wounds with soap and water, especially if exposed to soil or dust.

For individuals living, working, or traveling in regions where the valley fever fungus is present, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend the following precautions:

• Stay indoors on windy days when dust levels are high.
• Keep windows and doors shut on such days to minimize dust and spore infiltration.
• When driving through dusty areas, keep windows closed and utilize recirculating air systems, if available.
• Before engaging in any digging activities, moisten the soil to limit dust generation.
• Wear a properly fitted N95 mask if outdoor exposure to dusty conditions is unavoidable.

Identifying At-Risk Populations

Individuals who spend considerable time outdoors and are regularly exposed to dusty environments are at higher risk of contracting valley fever, according to the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health. This includes construction workers, farmers, military personnel, and archaeologists. Additionally, those living near dry and dusty areas are also susceptible.

Certain groups face a heightened risk of developing the disease, including:

• Adults aged 60 years and older.
• Individuals with diabetes or other conditions that compromise the immune system, such as cancer, HIV, autoimmune disorders, or those undergoing chemotherapy or steroid treatment.
• Pregnant women, particularly in the later stages of their pregnancy.
• Children aged five and under.
• Individuals of Black, Latino, Native American, or Filipino descent, with ongoing research into the reasons for their increased susceptibility.

Recognizing Symptoms of Valley Fever

The fungal infection primarily affects the lungs, leading to respiratory issues that may manifest as a cough, fever, chest pain, fatigue, difficulty breathing, muscle or joint pain, night sweats, weight loss, or rash. While valley fever shares many symptoms with other respiratory infections, such as COVID-19, it typically takes one to three weeks for symptoms to appear and can persist for a month or more.

Some individuals may exhibit mild symptoms that resolve within a few weeks, requiring no treatment. However, others may experience prolonged symptoms necessitating medical intervention. In rare instances, the disease can spread beyond the lungs to other body parts. Diagnosis is generally confirmed through blood tests.

If an individual tests negative for COVID-19 yet exhibits respiratory symptoms lasting over a week, especially after living in or traveling to areas where valley fever is endemic, consulting a healthcare professional is advised.

Treatment varies based on the severity of the disease and is commonly administered through antifungal medications.