Sociologist Explains Declining Fear of Social Decline Among Germans

Recent discussions have highlighted a shift in the perception of social decline among Germans, particularly within the middle class. Sociologist Holger Lengfeld, who has extensively researched this phenomenon, sheds light on the factors contributing to this change.

Traditionally, the middle class has been characterized by varying levels of income, education, and employment stability. It encompasses approximately 60 to 70 percent of the German population, defined by individuals earning between 75 to 150 percent of the average income, typically possessing a secondary education or higher. This demographic has historically expressed significant concerns over potential social decline. However, Lengfeld notes a marked decrease in these fears in recent years.

In discussing the social strata, Lengfeld explains that the upper class consists of individuals with advanced degrees and high-income levels, often in positions of authority over others. Conversely, those in the lower class earn less than 75 percent of the average income and may face challenges in securing stable employment.

The sociologist points out that, despite a slight decline in the middle class over the past two decades, particularly in skilled industrial jobs, the majority now find themselves in qualified service roles. This shift has led to a more nuanced understanding of social mobility and the dynamics of economic security.

One of the pivotal aspects of social decline anxiety is the fear of losing one's current socioeconomic status. Lengfeld compares this to the world of sports, where teams at the bottom of the league fear relegation. His research indicates that from 1990 to 2007, anxiety about job loss reached unprecedented levels, particularly among the middle class. However, post-2007, these fears began to diminish. By 2021, the level of social decline anxiety was reported to be the lowest since German reunification.

Current indicators suggest that, despite economic stagnation, there has not been a significant rise in unemployment rates, attributed partly to demographic changes. As such, there appears to be little cause for heightened fear regarding social decline.

Regional differences also emerge in the data, with individuals in East Germany exhibiting greater reductions in social decline anxiety than those in the West. Nevertheless, approximately 10 percent of employed individuals in East Germany still report higher levels of concern than their Western counterparts. Age demographics show minimal impact on these fears, although older individuals tend to express slightly less anxiety.

As the country approaches upcoming elections, Lengfeld asserts that social decline anxiety is not a significant factor influencing voter behavior, unlike in past decades. Modern voters are more focused on pressing issues such as climate change, public safety, inflation, and geopolitical tensions, which can create a sense of powerlessness.

Furthermore, there is a noted correlation between social decline fears and the propensity to support fringe political parties. Research indicates that voters concerned about social decline are less inclined to support right-wing populist movements, particularly in the East.

Factors driving support for such parties primarily revolve around immigration concerns, dissatisfaction with democratic processes, and a perceived divide between societal elites and the general populace. These sentiments resonate more profoundly in East Germany than in the West, showcasing divergent political landscapes.

To address these concerns, experts advocate for enhanced social security measures and reforms in education, emphasizing the importance of maintaining adequate pension levels for future generations. However, the challenge remains significant, especially as growing segments of the population increasingly distance themselves from traditional democratic structures.

In conclusion, while the landscape of social anxiety in Germany is shifting, addressing the underlying issues remains crucial for fostering a more stable and secure society.