Sahel Nations Shift Focus from Western Mining to New Partnerships

The nations of Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso are reorienting their mining strategies, moving away from reliance on Western interests, particularly those connected to France. This shift comes in light of increasing global demand for minerals, which could profoundly impact Europe's supply chains.

Despite facing significant economic challenges, these three Sahelian countries are rich in natural resources. Mali is endowed with gold, oil, and gas, and has recently launched lithium mining operations. Niger possesses valuable deposits of uranium, tin, oil, phosphates, and gold, while Burkina Faso stands as one of Africa's leading gold producers, along with resources like copper, zinc, and manganese.

The pivot away from a pro-Western alignment has intensified following a series of military coups in the region. Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger have all experienced governmental changes within the last few years, leading to the suspension of their membership in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the imposition of sanctions. The military governments in these nations have expressed a desire for economic independence from their former colonial power, France, as well as from broader Western influence. Consequently, they have formed their own collective, known as the Alliance of Sahel States (AES).

These military juntas are seeking legitimacy through new partnerships, particularly with non-Western nations such as Russia, China, and Turkey. Observers note that the AES alliance is perceived by the ruling authorities as a means of asserting sovereignty and legitimacy.

The historical context of perceived inequities in dealings with Western nations has contributed to this shift. Many African leaders believe that the terms of trade have often been dictated by Western nations, leading to a sense of unfairness in the business relationships established.

In response to changing global dynamics, African nations are increasingly identifying new markets for their resources, with countries like China and Turkey stepping in as significant buyers. This has resulted in a newfound assertiveness among African nations, which are now demanding more equitable partnerships.

China, in particular, has recognized the potential for lithium mining in the Sahel. In December 2024, the Chinese company Ganfeng commenced operations at the Goulamina lithium mine in southern Mali. This project is expected to yield substantial quantities of spodumene concentrate, a key lithium source, over its operational lifespan. The Malian government has secured a 30% stake in the mine, while local investors hold an additional 5%, ensuring that a significant portion of the project benefits local stakeholders.

Simultaneously, the Malian government is implementing laws that mandate a minimum of 51% local participation in strategic mining ventures, ensuring that some of the revenue generated will be reinvested in local infrastructure projects. The opening of this mine has been described as a significant step towards establishing a more balanced partnership between Mali and foreign investors.

Beyond lithium, the Sahel's mineral wealth includes uranium, which has been a critical resource for Western European nuclear power generation. However, Niger has recently taken steps to revoke mining licenses held by French companies, significantly impacting uranium supply lines to Europe. Restrictions on uranium exports from Niger have been noted since the military coup, as logistical challenges hinder the ability to send resources abroad.

Similarly, Burkina Faso's leadership has signaled a desire to limit foreign exploitation of its mineral wealth. The government has indicated plans to revoke mining licenses from Western companies, thereby increasing local control over its resources.

While the West may have lost some influence in the region, analysts suggest that opportunities for renewed partnerships still exist. Historical, cultural, and linguistic ties could serve as foundations for future cooperation, especially as some countries in the EU continue to seek strategic alignments with Sahelian nations.

In summary, the evolving landscape of mining in the Sahel reflects a broader trend of African nations asserting greater control over their resources and seeking equitable partnerships in a global market that is shifting rapidly.