Rising Temperatures Contribute to Preventable Deaths in India, Study Reveals

Recent research spanning 19 years highlights the alarming toll that extreme temperatures are exacting on public health in India, with approximately 20,000 fatalities attributed to heatstroke and an additional 15,000 due to cold exposure. The findings, published in the journal Temperature, emphasize the urgent need for preventative measures against these avoidable deaths.

The study reveals a concerning upward trend in mortality rates linked to both heat and cold, particularly among working-age males. The research identified several states as hotspots for heatstroke and hypothermia-related deaths, underscoring significant variations in mortality across the country.

Lead researcher Professor Pradeep Guin from O.P. Jindal Global University states that while deaths from heatstroke are more prevalent, the increasing number of fatalities due to cold exposure cannot be overlooked. In 2024, Mungeshpur in Delhi recorded a staggering peak temperature of 52.9°C (126.1°F), marking one of the highest ever recorded in India.

Every summer, reports of preventable heat-related deaths surface, and similar trends are observed in colder regions of the country, where deaths from cold waves are also reported. The authors stress that improved infrastructure and social safety nets are essential to mitigate these risks.

As extreme weather events become more frequent, the need for awareness and preventive measures is critical. Professor Guin urges that while some support systems are in place, there is a pressing need for more comprehensive action to address the impacts of extreme temperatures.

The research also highlights a gap in previous studies, which have predominantly focused on developed countries and isolated events rather than on the recurring extreme temperature patterns observed in low- and middle-income nations like India. The country's vast size and diverse geography contribute to its vulnerability to temperature extremes.

To ascertain which demographics are most susceptible to temperature-related fatalities, the study analyzed data from 2001 to 2019, examining correlations between temperature fluctuations and mortality rates. The researchers utilized data from various official sources, including the India Meteorological Department and the National Crime Records Bureau.

The analysis indicates that between 2001 and 2019, there were at least 19,693 deaths due to heatstroke and 15,197 deaths from cold exposure. However, the actual figures may be higher due to underreporting.

In 2015 alone, the study noted a peak in deaths, with 1,907 attributed to heatstroke and 1,147 to cold exposure. Interestingly, contrary to global trends that suggest women are more vulnerable to extreme heat, this study found that men in India were three to five times more likely to die from heatstroke and four to seven times more likely to succumb to cold exposure.

Individuals aged 45 to 60 were identified as the most at risk, followed by the elderly and those aged 30 to 45. The higher mortality rates among working-age men may be linked to their greater likelihood of outdoor employment, exposing them to extreme temperatures.

Recommendations include the suspension of outdoor work during extreme heat conditions and the provision of adequate relief measures, such as shaded areas and access to drinking water for outdoor workers. The findings suggest a need for governmental support for low-income outdoor workers who may feel compelled to work despite hazardous conditions.

As for cold-related deaths, the increase may be attributed to regional variations, where certain areas are experiencing unprecedented low temperatures without adequate preparedness. The study identified Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Punjab as the states most affected by extreme heat, while Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Bihar exhibited higher mortality rates from cold exposure.

The researchers advocate for tailored action plans in individual states to address these challenges effectively. Some regions are already developing heat action plans that could serve as a model for similar initiatives aimed at cold exposure.

Public awareness campaigns should employ accessible language and focus on educating communities about the dangers of extreme temperatures. Enhancements in living conditions for vulnerable populations, improved night shelter availability, and better health system preparedness are essential components of a comprehensive response.

Future research should continue to analyze localized data to inform tailored intervention strategies, ensuring that vulnerable populations receive the necessary support and resources.