The topic of nuclear energy has resurfaced in public discourse since the onset of the conflict in Ukraine, reigniting debates surrounding its viability in ensuring energy security. While some view it as a potential solution to stabilize energy supplies, others criticize it due to associated risks and financial implications.

What Is Nuclear Energy?

Nuclear energy is derived from the process of nuclear fission or fusion, primarily involving the splitting of atomic nuclei, usually uranium. This reaction releases significant amounts of energy in the form of heat, which is then used to produce steam that drives turbines connected to generators, thus generating electricity. This process occurs in nuclear power plants (often referred to as atomic power plants or AKWs), where operations are conducted under controlled conditions to harness energy safely.

Nuclear Energy in Germany and Beyond

Germany utilized nuclear energy until 2023; however, it remains a crucial energy source globally. France, for instance, boasts the highest percentage of nuclear-generated electricity worldwide and is pursuing a long-term strategy that includes constructing new reactors and extending the operational lifespan of existing facilities. Similarly, China is aggressively building new reactors, with over 40% of the world's nuclear power plants currently under construction in the country.

The Role of Nuclear Energy in the 2025 Election Campaign

As Germany approaches its 2025 federal elections, the discussion around nuclear energy has gained prominence, particularly in light of rising energy costs and the ongoing search for reliable energy sources. While some political factions advocate for a return to nuclear power, others emphasize the expansion of renewable energy sources.

Proponents argue that nuclear energy could bolster energy security and reduce carbon emissions, advocating for modern technologies such as Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) and nuclear fusion as part of the solution. On the other hand, critics label nuclear power as costly, risky, and largely irrelevant to achieving climate targets, a sentiment further fueled by the decommissioning of Germany's last operational nuclear facilities.

Political Perspectives on Nuclear Energy

Various political parties have distinct stances regarding the reintroduction of nuclear energy in Germany:

• CDU/CSU: The Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the Christian Social Union (CSU) see nuclear energy as a potential option and intend to explore the feasibility of restarting decommissioned plants. They also advocate for research into innovative technologies, including nuclear fusion.
• FDP: The Free Democratic Party (FDP) supports the use of modern nuclear power plants and seeks to facilitate the reopening of existing facilities, leaving the decision to operators.
• AfD: The Alternative for Germany (AfD) calls for the construction of new nuclear power stations and the reactivation of shut-down plants, viewing nuclear energy as essential for energy security and economic stability.
• Bündnis Deutschland: This smaller political party firmly supports a return to nuclear technology as a means of ensuring long-term energy supply.

Conversely, several parties, including the SPD, Greens, and Left Party, are staunchly opposed to nuclear energy:

• Greens: The Green Party categorizes nuclear energy as a "high-risk technology" and deems it unnecessary for achieving climate protection goals or ensuring energy security.
• SPD: The Social Democratic Party (SPD) firmly rejects a return to nuclear energy, focusing instead on renewable energy sources and the quest for secure waste disposal solutions.
• Left Party: The Left Party advocates for a definitive and irreversible phase-out of nuclear energy, proposing that such a withdrawal be enshrined in the constitution and calling for an end to all nuclear industry activities, including uranium enrichment.