Remarkable Continuity: How Former Roman Territories Continue to Thrive Today

Two millennia ago, parts of what is now Germany were under Roman control. Those regions were then characterized by a significantly higher level of cultural development, a legacy that continues to manifest today, as demonstrated by recent studies.

Research conducted by historian Fabian Wahl from the Vienna University of Economics has revealed that areas once inhabited by Romans tend to be more prosperous and densely populated compared to territories that were primarily Germanic. These disparities can often be observed even in regions that are adjacent to one another.

The findings indicate that the former Roman territories not only host a larger population but also feature individuals who are generally wealthier and more optimistic. Furthermore, these areas see higher rates of entrepreneurship and exhibit longer life expectancies, averaging six months to a year more than their counterparts.

Wahl explained, "We compared districts, cities, and even individuals in close proximity to the ancient Roman border, known as the Limes." Contrary to expectations of negligible differences due to their geographical closeness and similar landscapes, the results were striking.

The Limes, often drawn arbitrarily rather than for economic reasons, stretches from northeast of Stuttgart in a straight line for approximately 80 kilometers. Wahl noted that, unlike what might be presumed, the Romans did not exclusively settle fertile areas while neglecting poorer soils. This observation complicates the narrative surrounding the economic disparities observed today.

Wahl collaborated with fellow researchers on three studies, each focusing on different aspects: economic development, innovation and entrepreneurship, and the personality traits, life satisfaction, and health of residents. Their analysis included evaluating nighttime light intensity in various regions, revealing that the former Roman areas still shine brighter at night.

For the study on the impact of Roman influence on personality traits such as conscientiousness and consideration, data from approximately 90,000 participants were analyzed, ensuring a representative sample. In total, over 100,000 observations contributed to these studies.

Wahl attributes the persistent differences to an initial advantage enjoyed by the Roman territories, which benefited from early urbanization and advanced infrastructure. He argued that the Roman bathing culture established higher hygiene standards that continued to resonate well beyond the Roman era. Additionally, a significant continuity exists in the road networks; many modern highways still closely follow the routes of ancient Roman trade roads.

Cities founded during the Roman period, such as Cologne, Trier, and Mainz, became notable administrative centers during the Middle Ages due to their early establishment as bishoprics.

In the metropolitan area of Cologne, property prices in the formerly Roman-inhabited left bank of the Rhine remain significantly higher compared to the right bank, which was once labeled as 'barbarian land.'