Nuclear Energy in the 2025 Election Campaign: Positions of Political Parties

The resurgence of nuclear energy as a topic of discussion has gained momentum in Germany, particularly following the geopolitical upheaval instigated by Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The debate has intensified as various political parties weigh the benefits and risks associated with nuclear power in light of rising energy prices and the need for stable energy supply.

Nuclear energy is derived from the process of nuclear fission or fusion, primarily involving the splitting of uranium nuclei to release substantial amounts of energy. This energy generates heat, which converts water into steam, driving turbines connected to generators for electricity production. While Germany phased out its nuclear power plants by 2023, other nations, such as France and China, continue to heavily invest in nuclear energy infrastructure. France leads globally in the percentage of electricity generated from nuclear power, while China is responsible for over 40% of the world's currently under-construction nuclear reactors.

As the 2025 Bundestag elections approach, nuclear energy has re-emerged as a critical issue. Political factions are divided on the matter, with some advocating for a return to nuclear power and others promoting a shift towards renewable energy sources. Proponents of nuclear energy argue that it can enhance energy security and help reduce carbon emissions, citing advancements in technologies like Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) and nuclear fusion.

Conversely, opponents criticize nuclear power as expensive, risky, and inadequate for achieving climate goals. The ongoing decommissioning of Germany's last nuclear plants has further fueled this debate.

Several parties have expressed varying degrees of support for the reintroduction of nuclear energy:

• CDU/CSU: The Christian Democratic Union and Christian Social Union view nuclear power as a viable option and propose investigating the feasibility of restarting decommissioned plants. They also emphasize the importance of research into innovative technologies such as nuclear fusion.
• FDP: The Free Democratic Party supports the use of modern nuclear facilities and advocates for the reactivation of existing plants, leaving the final decision to the operators.
• AfD: The Alternative for Germany party calls for the construction of new nuclear plants and the recommissioning of deactivated facilities, positioning nuclear energy as crucial for energy security and economic stability.
• Bündnis Deutschland: This smaller party firmly supports re-engagement with nuclear technology to ensure long-term energy supply.

In contrast, several major parties firmly oppose a return to nuclear energy:

• Greens: The Green Party categorizes nuclear energy as a high-risk technology, asserting that it is neither necessary for achieving climate targets nor for ensuring energy security.
• SPD: The Social Democratic Party explicitly rejects the reintroduction of nuclear power, focusing instead on renewable energy development and the search for safe waste disposal solutions.
• Die Linke: The Left Party advocates for a complete and irreversible nuclear phase-out, suggesting that such a ban should be enshrined in the constitution, alongside a cessation of all nuclear industry activities, including uranium enrichment.

The debate over nuclear energy in Germany reflects broader concerns about energy security, climate change, and the economic implications of energy policy. As the election approaches, voters will need to consider the positions of these parties and the potential impact of their energy strategies on Germany's future.