Four Key Health Factors Critical for Preventing CKM Syndrome

Recent research indicates that approximately 90% of adults in the United States meet the criteria for a newly identified cluster of chronic health conditions known as cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by a combination of heart disease, kidney disease, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. Experts from the American Heart Association (AHA) assert that monitoring four essential health factors can significantly decrease the risk of developing this syndrome.

The four critical health factors identified are blood pressure, lipid levels (cholesterol), body weight, and blood sugar levels. These elements are integral to the AHA's Life's Essential 8 framework, which emphasizes their importance not only for cardiovascular health but also for maintaining healthy kidney and metabolic functions. Effective metabolic health implies that the body is proficient in utilizing energy, keeping these factors within healthy ranges.

CKM syndrome highlights the interdependence of the body's organs and systems. An imbalance in one area can adversely affect the others, elevating the risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and metabolic disorders like diabetes and obesity. As Dr. Sadiya S. Khan from the AHA explains, understanding the interconnectedness of these health factors necessitates a comprehensive approach to health management.

Addressing each of the four health factors is pivotal for preventing CKM syndrome:

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, occurs when the pressure exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls is excessively high. It is a major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. Since high blood pressure often presents no evident symptoms, regular monitoring is vital. Healthy blood pressure readings are considered to be below 120/80 mmHg. Individuals with readings of 130/80 mmHg or higher should consult healthcare professionals for further evaluation of their health.

Dietary changes can effectively lower blood pressure. Adopting the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan, which emphasizes low-fat foods rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy products, has proven beneficial. Additionally, reducing alcohol intake can contribute to lower blood pressure levels.

Cholesterol, a waxy substance produced by the liver, is vital for building cells and producing certain hormones. However, elevated cholesterol levels can heighten the risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. For optimal CKM health, LDL cholesterol levels should remain below 100 mg/dL, and triglyceride levels should be kept under 150 mg/dL. If triglyceride levels are 135 mg/dL or higher, medical advice should be sought to mitigate risks associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

Maintaining a healthy weight and increasing physical activity can help lower triglyceride levels. Diets such as the DASH and Mediterranean diets, which focus on plant-based and high-fiber food choices, are also effective in managing cholesterol levels.

Body mass index (BMI) is commonly used as an indicator of healthy weight, representing the relationship between a person's weight and height. Weight distribution is a critical factor as well; excess weight around the abdomen increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes. CKM syndrome is often present when BMI exceeds 25, and waist measurements reach 35 inches (88 cm) for women and 40 inches (102 cm) for men.

To achieve and sustain a healthy weight, setting realistic goals is essential. Individuals should assess their eating habits, manage portion sizes, make healthier snack choices, and engage in regular physical activity.

Elevated blood sugar levels can lead to diabetes, which is a primary contributor to kidney damage over time. Diabetes significantly increases the likelihood of heart attacks and strokes. Blood sugar is assessed through two methods: fasting blood glucose tests (for short-term levels) and A1C tests (for long-term control). Healthy fasting blood glucose levels range from 70 to 99 mg/dL, while A1C levels should remain below 5.7%. Levels above 125 mg/dL for fasting glucose or 6.5% for A1C indicate diabetes.

Developing habits that help control blood pressure, body weight, and cholesterol levels is also beneficial for maintaining stable blood sugar levels. This is particularly crucial for individuals with a family history of diabetes.