Newborn Brain Network Linked to Future Social Skills
Recent research from Yale University has unveiled that a specific brain network, which becomes active at birth, plays a crucial role in the development of social behaviors as individuals grow older. This groundbreaking study highlights the early emergence of the social perception pathway, which is essential for processing social stimuli such as faces, gaze, and speech.
Prior studies have indicated that a reduced focus on faces can be a significant marker of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the timing and development of the brain networks involved in social processing have remained largely unexplored. The new findings shed light on how these neural pathways are established early in life, providing a foundation for social engagement.
Published in Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science, the study utilized data from the Developing Human Connectome Project, which gathers comprehensive brain imaging, clinical, behavioral, and genetic information from children up to 10 months old. Researchers assessed the functional connectivity within the social perception pathway by examining magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data.
According to the study, the connectivity within this network was notably robust just weeks after birth. This suggests that the preferences for faces and gaze observed in newborns are likely linked to this early-developing brain network.
In addition to evaluating typical development, the researchers also focused on children who have familial connections to autism spectrum disorder, as this increases the likelihood of developing social challenges. Similar to the findings in the broader study group, this subset displayed interconnectivity in the social perception pathway from birth.
As the researchers continued to observe these children, they discovered a correlation between the strength of connectivity in the social perception pathway shortly after birth and the children's attention to faces at four months of age. Notably, increased attention to faces was associated with fewer social difficulties by the time the children reached 18 months.
This research indicates that the cortical processes responsible for social attention are operational soon after birth, laying the groundwork for future social skills. The interdisciplinary team involved in this study included experts from the Child Study Center, the Department of Pediatrics, and the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging at Yale, as well as the Department of Statistics and Data Science.
Ongoing investigations aim to deepen the understanding of how brain processes drive social attention during typical development and how they may relate to the social challenges often experienced by individuals with autism. These insights could potentially lead to improved interventions and support strategies for those affected by social vulnerabilities.