Study Highlights Discrimination Faced by EU Citizens Living in Germany

A recent comprehensive study commissioned by the German government has revealed significant challenges faced by citizens from other European Union (EU) countries residing in Germany. The research provides insights into migration trends, integration barriers, and experiences of discrimination among EU nationals, with particular attention to individuals from Eastern and Southeastern Europe.

Migration Trends and Demographics

As of late 2023, approximately 5.1 million citizens from other EU member states live in Germany, representing around 37 percent of all foreign nationals in the country. While nationals from Southern Europe previously formed the largest group, since 2018, most EU migrants have come from Southeastern Europe. Romanian nationals constitute the largest group, followed closely by Polish citizens, with other significant communities from Italy, Bulgaria, and Croatia.

Shift in Migration Patterns

Historically, Germany experienced a net influx of EU citizens seeking work and better living conditions. However, recent data indicates a reversal, with more EU nationals leaving Germany than arriving. Government figures show a negative net migration of around 34,000 people. About one-third of survey respondents indicated they are considering leaving Germany, citing various reasons.

Key Reasons for Departure

The study identifies high living and housing costs as major factors influencing decisions to leave. Additionally, many respondents reported a lack of belonging or feeling integrated into German society. Experiences of discrimination and, to a lesser extent, unemployment were also noted as contributing factors. The researchers conducted their survey primarily through social media channels, due to the limitations of traditional sampling methods.

Employment Situation and Barriers

While 2.7 million EU citizens are estimated to be employed in Germany, 1.7 million of whom come from Eastern and Southeastern Europe, many find themselves in low-skilled and low-wage positions. These jobs often include cleaning, transportation, and other entry-level roles. The study notes that newcomers prioritize securing employment, but a lack of proficiency in the German language and limited opportunities for further qualification can hinder long-term advancement and integration.

Integration and Experiences of Discrimination

The report highlights that discrimination is a significant obstacle for many EU citizens, particularly those from Romania, Bulgaria, and ethnic minority groups such as Sinti and Roma. These individuals report facing bias in everyday life, dealing with authorities, and searching for housing. The study indicates that such experiences can deeply affect the integration process and overall sense of community belonging.

Motivations for Moving to Germany

Participants reported varied reasons for relocating to Germany. About a quarter moved to join family or partners, while others accepted specific job offers, sought educational opportunities, or aimed for improved financial prospects. The principle of EU freedom of movement also played a role, especially for those seeking to establish a new life in Germany. Financial motivations were particularly prominent among migrants from Southeastern Europe.

Unemployment and Long-Term Prospects

The number of unemployed EU citizens in Germany has increased from 117,000 in 2011 to 219,000 in 2023. The rise mainly affects individuals from Southeastern European countries, and previously from Eastern Europe. According to the study, acquiring German language skills is essential for career progression, social participation, and securing a long-term residence in Germany.

Policy Implications and Integration Programs

The findings of the study are particularly relevant in the context of current debates over cuts to integration and language courses. Recently proposed restrictions on access to these programs have raised concerns among policymakers and experts, who argue that language proficiency is crucial for successful integration and upward mobility. The study notes that any reduction in access to language and integration courses could negatively impact tens of thousands of EU citizens living in Germany.